What is the difference between predation and depredation

Predation risk, predation rate, and the corresponding scale of response are highly species and context dependent [ 47 , ], which may ultimately limit our understanding of how perceived predation risk shapes ecological systems. Given the complexities of spatial and temporal variation in predation risk and predation rate [ 15 , 21 , ] we argue that understanding wild prey populations requires tests that simultaneously and independently alter risk and mortality while measuring outcomes at ecologically appropriate scales.

We thank the students, volunteers, technicians, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission staff and private landowners who made this study possible and RM and PM for invaluable field insights and companionship. We also thank several anonymous reviewers, and J.

Laux for providing insightful comments that greatly improved this manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

PLoS One. Published online Sep Lindsey N. Erica F. Christopher J. Joseph J. David Walter, Editor. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received Apr 17; Accepted Jul This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Attempts to assess behavioral responses of prey to predation risk are often confounded by depredation of prey. Introduction Space use has profound implications for individuals, populations and communities [ 1 — 5 ] with variation in resource availability, predation, competition, and climate all influencing how individuals select and use appropriate habitats [ 4 , 6 — 13 ], and the scale s at which responses are manifested [ 11 — 13 ].

Open in a separate window. Fig 1. Consumptive and non-consumptive predation effects on trait expression. Methods Study species The Ring-necked Pheasant is an introduced, ground-dwelling gallinaceous bird inhabiting grassland and agricultural landscapes throughout the central Great Plains of North America. Study system We conducted our study from September-January of —, starting before the day pheasant hunting season, which opens the last weekend in October and ends 31 January [ 44 ].

Assessment of predation risk We used time-lapse photography to document hunting activity at each site and quantify relative predation risk from hunters. Pheasant capture We captured pheasants via nightlighting [ 55 ] from 12—28 September and 10 September—13 October , and fitted each bird with a or gram necklace style VHF radio transmitter equipped with a mortality sensor Model A, Advanced Telemetry Systems, Inc. Radio triangulation We recorded movements of individual radio-tagged pheasants 3—7 days per week from 1 October—15 December via radio telemetry using truck-mounted, null-peak antenna systems [ 57 ].

Space use Home range assessment A home range is the spatial representation of the area an individual occupies while carrying out activities needed to survive and reproduce [ 47 ].

Roost site assessment Roost sites provide protection from predators and harsh weather conditions [ 72 , 73 ], and thus represent an important measure of space use. Results Predation risk During the study, 31 cameras across 10 sites took , images, and detected hunters.

Fig 2. Hunting pressure during the early and late hunting season on high and low risk sites. Table 1 Descriptive statistics describing hunting pressure and pheasant behaviors. Space use We captured and radio-collared pheasants 99 male, female in and Home range The traditional home range analysis revealed that female pheasants on high-risk sites increased home range size during the early pheasant-hunting season Fig 3A and 3B ; Table 3 , but the effect decreased by the late hunting season when home range sizes were not different from the pre-season.

Fig 3. Our traditional approach found that only female pheasants in the high-risk group showed an increase in home range size in response to the onset of the hunting season Table 2. Fig 4. Our traditional approach revealed a shift in home range center for all pheasants, but only female pheasants occupying high-risk sites shifted home range center in response to the onset of the hunting season.

Fig 5. Roost site We saw consistent patterns in all three of our model sets as our pre-season, within season, and non-use vegetation data all showed significant differences between risk groups and across the sampling period, but not between sexes Table 5.

Model Predictors F b p c Pre 1,87 a Risk group 4. Mortality Of the radio collared pheasants alive at the onset of the hunting season, we recorded 49 total mortality events during the hunting season Fig 6. Fig 6. Males on high risk sites experienced higher mortality at the onset of hunting season, but by the end of the early hunting season, the proportion of the initial populations of males surviving on high and low risk sites were similar.

Discussion We simultaneously assessed the response of a vulnerable male and invulnerable female prey population to spatial and temporal variation in predation risk, and show that predation risk alone can alter space use, but that depredation within the prey populations can obscure such effects if the responses are not measured at the appropriate spatial and temporal scale. Acknowledgments We thank the students, volunteers, technicians, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission staff and private landowners who made this study possible and RM and PM for invaluable field insights and companionship.

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Prey availability and accessibility drive hunter movement. Wildlife Biol. Spatial and temporal avoidance of risk within a large carnivore guild. Leedy D, Hicks L. The Ring-necked pheasant and its management in North America. Analysis of a publicly operated pheasant hunt in southern California. Young in the nest would seem to be especially susceptible to predation by the pilot black snake. Further verification of predation on mammals, reptiles and amphibians by this species is needed.

In addition to known predation by mountain lions and coyotes on porcupines, the bobcat kills porcupines. New Word List Word List. Save This Word! See synonyms for predation on Thesaurus. We could talk until we're blue in the face about this quiz on words for the color "blue," but we think you should take the quiz and find out if you're a whiz at these colorful terms.

Words nearby predation precut , precycle , pred. Words related to predation predacity , predatism , rapaciousness , rapacity. How to use predation in a sentence The nonprofit Wild Animal Initiative, for example, believes we should reduce all kinds of animal suffering, even, perhaps, suffering due to predation.